Fabricación de modelos anatómicos articulares para formación en intervencionismo ecoguiado / Anatomic joint models for eco-guided interventionism training manufacture

Introducción: El intervencionismo ecoguiado ha supuesto un cambio en la forma en que los especialistas de medicina física y rehabilitación se enfrentan al dolor musculoesquelético y a otros problemas como la espasticidad. La implantación de las unidades de intervencionismo ecoguiado mejora los resultados de los tratamientos mínimamente invasivos, habituales en la práctica clínica de nuestra especialidad. El mayor inconveniente de esta práctica es la larga curva de aprendizaje y la dificultad para llevar a cabo prácticas durante los cursos de formación. Objetivo: Desarrollar un sistema de fantomas que permita la práctica de intervencionismo en modelos anatómicos acortando los tiempos de aprendizaje y mejorando la certeza al alcanzar el objetivo de la práctica intervencionista. Métodos: Se describe el método de fabricación de modelos tridimensionales de articulaciones a partir de imágenes obtenidas de tomografía axial computarizada, y su inclusión posterior en moldes realizados con gelatina alimenticia, que permiten obtener unos fantomas similares a modelos articulares reales que posibilitan su estudio mediante técnicas de ecografía y la práctica del intervencionismo ecoguiado. Conclusión: Los modelos articulares tridimensionales con gelatina alimenticia son útiles en la práctica y aprendizaje de las técnicas de intervencionismo ecoguiado articular.(AU)

Introduction: Eco-guided interventionism has changed the way Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation specialists deal with musculoskeletal pain and other problems such as spasticity. The implementation of the Eco-Guided Intervention Units improves the results of the usual minimally invasive treatments in our speciality's clinical practice. The biggest drawback of this practice is the long learning curve and the difficulty of practice during training courses. Objective: To develop a system of phantoms that allow the practice of interventionism in anatomical models by shortening learning times and improving certainty by achieving the objective of interventionist practice. Methods: Describes the method of manufacturing three-dimensional models of joints with images obtained from computerized axial tomography, and their subsequent inclusion in gelatin's made molds, which allow to obtain phantoms, similar to real joint models, that allow to study using ultrasound techniques, and the practice of eco-guided interventionism. Conclusion: Three-dimensional joint models made with gelatin are useful in the practice and learning of joint eco-guided interventionism techniques.(AU)

[Anatomic joint models for eco-guided interventionism training manufacture]. / Fabricación de modelos anatómicos articulares para formación en intervencionismo ecoguiado.

INTRODUCTION: Eco-guided interventionism has changed the way Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation specialists deal with musculoskeletal pain and other problems such as spasticity. The implementation of the Eco-Guided Intervention Units improves the results of the usual minimally invasive treatments in our speciality's clinical practice. The biggest drawback of this practice is the long learning curve and the difficulty of practice during training courses. OBJECTIVE: To develop a system of phantoms that allow the practice of interventionism in anatomical models by shortening learning times and improving certainty by achieving the objective of interventionist practice. METHODS: Describes the method of manufacturing three-dimensional models of joints with images obtained from computerized axial tomography, and their subsequent inclusion in gelatin's made molds, which allow to obtain phantoms, similar to real joint models, that allow to study using ultrasound techniques, and the practice of eco-guided interventionism. CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional joint models made with gelatin are useful in the practice and learning of joint eco-guided interventionism techniques.

Mercury, selenium, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the striped marlin Kajikia audax and blue marlin Makaira nigricans food web from the Gulf of California.

Mercury (Hg) concentrations based on dietary sources have shown to predict differences in fish; however, they are usually applied at an individual scale and are rarely directed at a known trophic transfer. We combined gut content analysis and stable isotope analysis (δ15N and δ13C) to provide a quantitative estimate of Hg and selenium (Se) biomagnification in the striped marlin (Kajikia audax) and blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) food web from the southwestern Gulf of California. Hg and Se concentrations (mean ± SD; µg g-1, dw) were different among K. audax (Hg = 3.6 ± 2.1, Se = 5.5 ± 5.4) and M. nigricans (Hg = 19.0 ± 29.6, Se = 8.8 ± 10.5). Such variations of element concentrations could be linked to predation with different Hg and Se contents. Diet data presented as prey weight (%W) indicated a higher proportion of large prey fish for the blue marlin than the striped marlin. δ15N and δ13C indicated pelagic food sources with epipelagic preferences for the blue marlin and mesopelagic for the striped marlin. The relationship between Hg concentrations and δ15N was positive along the food web of both marlin species, indicating biomagnification of Hg. However, Se biomagnification was not clearly evidenced, and Se:Hg ratios decreased with δ15N, attributed to increasing Hg concentrations with increased trophic level.

Trace elements in muscle tissue of three commercial shark species: Prionace glauca, Carcharhinus falciformis, and Alopias pelagicus off the Manzanillo, Colima coast, Mexico.

Given their predatory characteristics, long life, and high trophic levels, sharks can have a remarkable ability to bioaccumulate and/or biomagnify trace elements (TE). In the present study, 13 TE (Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, As, Se, Zn, Cr, V, Fe, Ni, Co, and Mn) were analyzed in the muscle tissue of three shark species (Prionace glauca, Carcharhinus falciformis, and Alopias pelagicus) using high-resolution mass spectrometry inductively coupled to a plasma generator (HR-ICP-MS); 30 shark specimens of each specie were obtained during commercial fish landings in the port of Manzanillo, Mexico. The morphometric characteristics and sex of the sharks were recorded. Shark A. pelagicus accumulated higher concentrations of TE, especially for Hg and Cd, than the other species. Significant differences in the TE levels were detected between sexes in P. glauca and A. pelagicus; in all cases, the highest concentrations were found in female muscle tissue. The ability of sharks to bioaccumulate ETs depends of the metals (essentials higher than non-essential) but is explained mainly by feeding habits associated to sexes (population segregation) and size (ontogeny). The association between TE in shark specimens was related to the essentiality, their antagonistic action, and origin. The Se/Hg ratio was significantly higher than 1, evidence of the protective role of dietary Se against Hg uptake and toxicity in all specimens of the three shark species. Also, the elevate inverse correlation of As and Cd versus Se could indicate a protective action of Se against these toxic metals, but the mechanism must be investigated.

Enfermedad de Gaucher, importancia de una sospecha precoz / Gaucher disease: importance of early suspicion

No disponible

Molecular and isotopic evidence of the distribution of nitrogen-cycling microbial communities in the oxygen minimum zone of the Tropical Mexican Pacific.

Microbial communities play a central role in the N cycle of oceanic oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), such as in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP). We explored the spatial distribution of the genetic potential for ammonia oxidation (amoA gene for bacteria and archaea), denitrification (nirS and nirK), anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) (hzo) and dissimilarity nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA) (nrfA) and their relationships with the hydrological variables and isotopic composition of nitrate in the ETNP off Mexico. Oxygen concentration, the availability of N chemical forms and the upwelling shaped the distribution of N cycling genes along the water column. The high abundance of N genes and the isotopic composition of nitrate suggest the N cycling is very dynamic in the OMZ core. The accumulation of nitrite, the high abundance of archaeal amoA genes, and the deviation of the N and O isotopes of nitrate from the expected 1:1 ratio for nitrate reduction in the upper portion of this OMZ indicate that nitrification is a relevant process that fuels the denitrifier community. Conversely, the high abundances of nitrate, ammonium and nrfA genes in the deeper layer indicate that DNRA is a crucial process enhancing anammox there. These results show the need for more detailed studies of the N processes in OMZs.

Mercury and selenium in the filter-feeding whale shark (Rhincodon typus) from two areas of the Gulf of California, Mexico.

Mercury and selenium were measured for first time in the endangered species whale shark (Rhyncodon typus) from two areas of the Gulf of California, Bahía Los Angeles (BLA) and Bahía La Paz (LAP) using dermal biopsies of seventy specimens. Additionally, nineteen zooplankton samples from LAP were analysed. Concentrations (ng/g, wet weight (ww)) in biopsies of BLA ranged from 1 to 40 for Hg and 100 to 680 for Se; while in LAP varied from 1 to 9 for Hg and 11 to 850 for Se. A positive correlation was found for Hg in BLA males biopsies with length. Hg and Se concentrations in the zooplankton from LAP were 1.6 ±â€¯1.8 and 770 ±â€¯930 ng/g, respectively. Hg biomagnification factor ranged from 0.8 to 5.3 in sharks. A molar excess of Se over Hg was found in the biopsies and the zooplankton.

The influence of anthropogenic organic matter and nutrient inputs on the food web structure in a coastal lagoon receiving agriculture and shrimp farming effluents.

In this study, we elucidated the impacts of allochthonous organic matter (OM) and nutrients (N and P) inputs coming from agriculture and shrimp aquaculture activities on food web structure in a subtropical coastal lagoon located on the central-east of the Gulf of California. This coastal lagoon is highly influenced by OM and nutrients inputs by a large agriculture district and aquaculture development center in Mexico. We also selected a second coastal lagoon, without direct OM and nutrients inputs, considered as a 'pristine' ecosystem. We evaluated the quantity of OM, N and P in both ecosystems and reconstructed the food webs using isotopic tools of C and N from the base to top. We collected and analyzed autochthonous and allochthonous OM, and organisms including primary producers, and primary to tertiary consumers. Overall, specimens of the same species and/or functional groups showed higher δ15N values in the ecosystem receiving agriculture and shrimp aquaculture effluents than the pristine. Food webs were composed of four and five trophic levels, where fish and birds occupied the top-predator levels. Seasonal increases in OM and N and P quantities in lagoons affected by anthropogenic activities produced high δ15N values in primary producers and consumers.

DNA Damage and Immunological Responses in the Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Exposed to Sublethal Levels of Mercury.

Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles were exposed to sublethal levels (2.33-18.03 µg/L) of inorganic mercury. Time of exposure (0, 24 and 168 h) was a source of DNA damage. Mean comet tail length not changed significantly with mercury concentrations and exposure time, and this parameter cannot be used to assess DNA damage in this shrimp. Total hemocyte count showed a trend to decrease according to the increase of mercury concentrations, although no significant difference between treatments with mercury was observed. The phenoloxidase (PO) activity was not influenced by the time of exposure. At the end of the experiment, the PO in organisms exposed to 18.03 µg/L was different from the control. The time of exposure has a more important influence in superoxide dismutase than the concentration of mercury. According to these results, a suitable criterion of water quality for long-term exposure of L. vannamei should be lower than 2 µg/L of mercury.

Linfogammagrafía de miembros inferiores: tres posibles patrones / Lymphosctintigraphy of the lower extremities: Three possible patterns

No disponible

Variability in nitrogen stable isotope ratios of macroalgae: consequences for the identification of nitrogen sources.

In our research, we collected and analyzed numerous macroalgal specimens (738) for isotopic analysis sampled over a year at monthly intervals across 20 sites within the Urías lagoon complex, a typical subtropical coastal ecosystem located in the Gulf of California. We quantified and characterized (chemically and isotopically) the N loads received by Urías throughout a year. We studied the spatial-temporal variation of the chemical forms and isotopic signals of the available N in the water column, and we monitored in situ different environmental variables and other hydrodynamic parameters. Multiple N sources (e.g., atmospheric, sewage, seafood processing, agriculture and aquaculture effluents) and biogeochemical reactions related to the N cycle (e.g., ammonia volatilization, nitrification and denitrification) co-occurring across the ecosystem, result in a mixture of chemical species and isotopic compositions of available N in the water column. Increased variability was observed in the δ(15) N values of macroalgae (0.41‰-22.67‰). Based on our results, the variation in δ(15) N was best explained by spatio-temporal changes in available N and not necessarily related to the N sources. The variability was also explained by the differences in macroalgal biology among functional groups, species and/or individuals. Although the δ(15) N-macroalgae technique was a useful tool to identify N sources, its application in coastal ecosystems receiving multiple N sources, with changing environmental conditions influencing biogeochemical processes, and high diversity of ephemeral macroalgal species, could be less sensitive and have less predictive power.

Humoral and haemocytic responses of Litopenaeus vannamei to Cd exposure.

White shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, subadults were exposed to four dilutions of the 96 h cadmium LC50 reported for postlarvae (PL12) of this species, and the effects were evaluated after 5, 48, and 96 h of exposure. While treatments did not affect survival and hemolymph clotting time increased with time, but not as a response to Cd exposure, the intensity of other responses was related to concentration, to time of exposure, and to their interaction. Hemocyanin decreased with time in all metal concentrations but increased in the control treatment, and an almost similar trend was observed with hemocyte numbers. As an initial response, phenoloxidase activity decreased with all metal concentrations, but it increased later to values similar or higher than the control treatment.

Mercury transfer in a subtropical coastal lagoon food web (SE Gulf of California) under two contrasting climatic conditions.

Mercury (Hg) transference through an established and defined food web from an urbanized subtropical coastal lagoon (SE Gulf of California) was examined by using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope and Hg analyses. Concentrations of Hg in seawater (0.045-0.078 µg L(-1)), predominantly incorporated to the particulate fraction (60% of total), were lower than those found in highly contaminated coastal areas around the world (0.18-16 µg L(-1)). Although levels of Hg available for the biota (e.g., associated to the reactive and pyrite fractions; 0.11-0.15 µg g(-1)) were within of effects range-low (ER-L, 0.15-0.71 µg g(-1)) these concentrations represented from 46.6 to 67.0% of the total Hg pool that may be transferred through food web. The sequence of bio-accumulation of Hg in studied species was according with their functional guild: tertiary consumer (0.85-1.15 µg g(-1)) > secondary consumers (0.084-0.168 µg g(-1)) > primary consumers (0.014-0.160 µg g(-1)) > primary producers (0.016-0.056 µg g(-1)). Hg concentrations increased for each successive trophic position estimate through δ(15) N isotopic values, although these relationships showed differences between dry and rainy seasons (R(2) = 0.37 and R(2) = 0.39 between δ(15) N vs. Hg in organisms, respectively). We concluded that Hg is being positively transferred (biomagnification factor >1) through the studied food web probably enhanced by the favorable environmental conditions for Hg-methylation (e.g., fine sediments rich in organic matter, and environmental conditions changes of the redox, pH, and temperature) found in this urbanized coastal water, however, the study of processes methlylation and biomagnifcation of Hg need further investigations.

Biological responses of a simulated marine food chain to lead addition.

This investigation sought to assess the biological responses to Pb along a simplified four-level food chain, from the primary producer, the microalgae Tetraselmis suecica, grown in a control medium with < 1 µg/L of Pb and exposed to a sublethal dose (20 µg/L of Pb) and used as the base of a simulated food chain, through the primary-, secondary-, and tertiary-level consumers, namely, the brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana; the white-leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei; and the grunt fish, Haemulon scudderi, respectively. Growth of Pb-exposed T. suecica was 40% lower than that of the control cultures, and survival of A. franciscana fed this diet was 25 to 30% lower than the control. No differences in the growth rates of Pb-exposed and control shrimp and fish and no gross morphological changes were evident in the exposed specimens. However, the exposed shrimp and fish had 20 and 15% higher mortalities than their controls, respectively. In addition, behavioral alterations were observed in exposed shrimp and fish, including reduction in food consumption or cessation of feeding, breathing air out of the water, reduction of motility, and erratic swimming. The negative correlation between Pb concentration in whole body of shrimp and fish and Fulton's condition factor suggested also that the exposed organisms were stressed because of Pb accumulation.

Childhood lead poisoning from the smelter in Torreón, México.

Lead concentrations and isotopic compositions in blood samples of 34 children (ages 2-17 years) living within a 113 km(2) area of a silver-zinc-lead smelter plant in Torreón, México were compared to those of associated environmental samples (soil, aerosols, and outdoor and indoor dust) to identify the principal source(s) of environmental and human lead contamination in the area. Lead concentrations of soil and outdoor dust ranged 130-12,050 and 150-14,365 µg g(-1), respectively. Concentrations were greatest near the smelter, with the highest levels corresponding with the prevailing wind direction, and orders of magnitude above background concentrations of 7.3-33.3 µg g(-1). Atmospheric lead depositions in the city varied between 130 and 1350 µg m(-2) d(-1), again with highest rates <1 km from the smelter. Blood lead (PbB) concentrations (11.0±5.3 µg dl(-1)) levels in the children ranged 5.0-25.8 µg dl(-1), which is 3-14 times higher than the current average (1.9 µg dl(-1)) of children (ages 1-5 years) in the US. Lead isotopic ratios ((206)Pb/(207)Pb, (208)Pb/(207)Pb) of the urban dust and soil (1.200±0.009, 2.467±0.003), aerosols (1.200±0.002, 2.466±0.002), and PbB (1.199±0.001, 2.468±0.002) were indistinguishable from each other, as well as those of the lead ores processed at the smelter (1.199±0.007, 2.473±0.007). Consequently, an elevated PbB concentrations of the children in Torreón, as well as in their environment, are still dominated by industrial emissions from the smelter located within the city, in spite of new controls on atmospheric releases from the facility.

Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn) in blood and eggs of the sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea from a nesting colony of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn) concentrations were assessed in the sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea from a nesting colony of Oaxaca, Mexico. Twenty-five female turtles were sampled, a total of 250 eggs were collected during the "arribada" event of the 2005-2006 season. Zn concentrations were highest in the yolk [72.3 ± 10.9 µg/g dry weight (dw)] and blood (58.4 ± 4.7 µg/g dw), whereas Ni concentrations were highest in the shell (48.5 ± 12.9 µg/g dw). The mean concentrations of Cu, and Cd in the analyzed tissues were lower than those reported in other sea turtle species. However, Zn and Ni concentrations in the yolk and shell, respectively, had the same distribution pattern observed at loggerhead and green turtles. On the basis of one nesting season, the maternal transfer and/or the excretion rates of trace metals via eggs-laying, estimated in terms of metal burdens in whole body, were 0.2, 7.8, 3.4, and 21.5% for Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni, respectively.

Macroalgae blooms and delta 15N in subtropical coastal lagoons from the Southeastern Gulf of California: discrimination among agricultural, shrimp farm and sewage effluents.

Macroalgae blooms of Gracilaria vermiculophylla, Hypnea spinella and Spyridia filamentosa have been found in coastal lagoons in the SE Gulf of California. Agriculture, livestock, shrimp and poultry farms and sewage contribute anthropogenic nitrogen to the systems. The delta(15)N of these sources, water column and macroalgae were studied in order to identify the N supply for macroalgae blooms. delta(15)N of three species of macroalgae (4.3-13.6 per thousand) were enriched compared to the water column (delta(15)N-NO(3)(-) 3.7-6.8 per thousand), probably because of fractioning from the macroalgae. delta(15)N of POM (1.4-10.3 per thousand) was similar to the water column but the relationship was unclear. Depending on the site, macroalgae showed different delta(15)N values since some sites receive more or less influence from one given source of the associated watershed, which is reflected in the different delta(15)N values of the macroalgae of the same system and in the relative contributions of the sources.

Lead pollution in subtropical ecosystems on the SE Gulf of California Coast: a study of concentrations and isotopic composition.

Lead pollution was investigated in environmental matrices and biological indicators collected from two typical subtropical coastal ecosystems in the southeast Gulf of California, Mexico. Lead concentrations and isotopic compositions ((206)Pb/(207)Pb and (208)Pb/(207)Pb) were measured using high resolution inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) and thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), respectively. Lead in surface estuary sediments (10.0-34.2microgg(-1)) and particulate Pb (25.0-128.7microgg(-1), >98% of total Pb) in the water column were significantly higher than levels in natural bedrock soils (15.1+/-8.3microgg(-1)) and river runoff (1.9+/-1.4microgg(-1)). Aquatic plants had Pb concentrations between 2.5 and 7.2microgg(-1), while those in macroalgae ranged from 3 to 5microgg(-1). The ranges of mean Pb concentrations in the aquatic animals studied (ranges in microgg(-1)) were as follows: zooplankton 32+/-3, mussels 2.3-3.9, oysters 1.9-7.9, snail 2.0-7.7, barnacles 0.1-18.5, fish 1.4-8.9, crab 6.3-40.2 and polychaetae 8.5-16.7. Pb values in 20-40% of oyster and fish samples and in all samples of crab exceeded acceptable levels for a food source for human consumption. Pb isotope ratios (206)Pb/(207)Pb, (208)Pb/(207)Pb in biota ranged from 1.188 to 1.206 and 2.448 to 2.470, respectively. A plot of (206)Pb/(207)Pb versus (208)Pb/(207)Pb for the environmental and biological samples collected from two study areas indicates that they contain lead from ores mined in Mexico and used in the past to produce leaded gasoline in use until 1997, natural Pb weathered from the Sierra Madre Occidental mother rock, and the later influence of inputs from a more radiogenic source related to industrial activity in the United States. Statistical software IsoSource results revealed that the Pb contained in environmental matrices and biomonitors is mostly derived from gasoline (20-90%) and US emissions (10-40%).

Bulk and bioavailable heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in surface sediments from Mazatlán Harbor (SE Gulf of California).

This work evaluates current metal concentrations (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) and the operational bio-available chemical extraction fraction in surface sediments in Mazatlán Harbor in Northwest México. Sediment samples were also analyzed for organic carbon, carbonates and particle size. Ranges of bulk metal were as follows: Cd from 3.1 to 3.3 microg/g, Cu from 31.9 to 44.9 microg/g, Pb from 49.6 to 54.0 microg/g, and Zn from 217.8 to 323.5 microg/g. In terms of biological effects, metals concentrations in the sediments lie between the low and median ranges of the mean quality guideline criteria. Comparatively, the metals concentrations increased from 1983 to 1994 and then for 2006, except Pb and Cd that decreased in the last period of time. The bio-available fraction of metals increased from 1983 to 1994, but only bio-available Cu increased from 1994 to 2006, due to mobilization of this metal from the organic matter-sulfide phase.